4D BIM

4D BIM is an upgraded version of static 3D BIM where it adds the dimension of time, integrating project scheduling and construction sequencing. 4D BIM integrates spatial data (3D model geometry) with time-related data, including construction schedules, task durations, sequence of activities, site logistics planning (equipment deliveries and material handling), and installation timelines.

Construction digital twin. If 3D BIM is considered the digital twin of a real physical building, then 4D BIM can be aptly described as the construction digital twin, as it represents a digital counterpart of the physical construction process.

Benefits. 4D BIM enhances project planning by enabling the visualization of construction progress over time, improving coordination among project teams, optimizing construction sequencing and scheduling, improving resource scheduling, and reducing risks related to delays and conflicts. This leads to reduced project timelines and costs, as well as construction waste and rework, better risk management, and enhanced decision-making based on real-time data. 4D BIM allows for the early identification of potential delays or clashes, thus minimizing rework and unexpected expenses.

Applications. 4D BIM can be applied to a wide range of construction projects, including buildings, infrastructure, roads, bridges, and more. It is particularly beneficial for projects with complex geometries, tight schedules, and large teams. 4D BIM is highly suitable for prefabrication and modular buildings as it allows for efficient management of prefabricated components from production to on-site assembly.

Software tools. Commonly used software tools for 4D BIM include Autodesk Navisworks, Bentley Synchro, Trimble Vico Office, and others that integrate with standard BIM platforms like Autodesk Revit. These tools allow for the integration of project schedules (usually created in software like Primavera P6 or Microsoft Project) with 3D BIM models.